فناوری در خط مقدم

زیست‌بوم فناوری و نوآوری ایران در دوران پساجنگ چه مأموریتی دارد؟

جنگ، تنها میدان نبرد را دگرگون نمی‌کند؛ مسیر توسعۀ علمی، نوآوری و سرمایه‌گذاری فناورانه را نیز تغییر می‌دهد. در چنین شرایطی، پارک‌های علم‌وفناوری، دانشگاه‌ها، مراکز پژوهشی و شرکت‌های دانش‌بنیان دیگر صرفاً بازیگران اقتصاد نوآوری نیستند، بلکه بخشی از ظرفیت راهبردی کشور برای حفظ تاب‌آوری، تداوم فعالیت و بازسازی آینده محسوب می‌شوند. این گزارش با بررسی تجربه‌های بین‌المللی و تحلیل وضعیت ایران، می‌کوشد چهارچوبی برای بازتعریف این نقش و شناسایی الزامات آن ارائه دهد. زیست‌بوم فناوری ایران برای ایفای این مأموریت، چه تغییراتی باید در سیاست‌ها، ساختارها و اولویت‌های خود ایجاد کند؟

پیش‌گفتار

جمهوری اسلامی ایران در کمتر از یک سال، دو بار هدف حملۀ نظامی ایالات متحدۀ آمریکا و رژیم صهیونیستی قرار گرفت؛ جنگ‌هایی که بخش مهمی از آنها بر فناوری و توانمندی‌های نوآورانه استوار بود. این رخدادها، ضرورت بازاندیشی در سیاست‌های فناوری و نوآوری کشور را بیش‌ازپیش آشکار ساخت.

گزارش پژوهشی فناوری در خط مقدم با هدف تبیین الزامات سیاستی زیست‌بوم فناوری و نوآوری ایران در دوران پساجنگ و بازسازی تدوین شده است. این گزارش با استفاده از داده‌های سازمان‌های بین‌المللی، مقالات علمی و گزارش‌های رسمی ملی، تجربه‌های کشورهای جنگ‌زده و بحران‌دیده را بررسی می‌کند تا نشان دهد زیست‌بوم‌های فناوری در چنین شرایطی چه مسیرهایی را برای بازسازی و تداوم فعالیت برگزیده‌اند.

گزارش در سه فصل تنظیم شده است. فصل نخست، آثار جنگ بر زیرساخت، تأمین مالی و سرمایۀ انسانی را تحلیل می‌کند. فصل دوم، تجربه‌های ده پارک و زیست‌بوم فناوری در ده کشور را مقایسه می‌کند. فصل سوم نیز با شناسایی چالش‌های زیست‌بوم فناوری ایران، نقشۀ‌راهی برای دوران بازسازی ارائه می‌دهد که بر چهار محور تأمین مالی، اصلاحات نهادی، سرمایۀ انسانی و معماری اعتماد استوار است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد بازسازی موفق، تنها با تأمین منابع مالی محقق نمی‌شود، بلکه به بازتعریف مأموریت پارک‌ها، تقویت اعتماد میان دولت و نخبگان، و اتصال به زنجیرۀ ارزش جهانی وابسته است.

پژوهش: محسن صابری  •  ویرایش، طراحی و صفحه‌آرایی: کارگاه نشر ری‌را  •  بهار 1405

فهرست منابع گزارش پژوهشی فناوری در خط مقدم

الف. گزارش سازمان‌های ملی و بین‌المللی

• Anselm Mattes (2015), Die regionalwirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Technologiezentren in Berlin-Adlershof, Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse, Berlin: DIW Econ GmbH, 5 Juni 2015: https://www.adlershof.de/en/news/diw-report-on-adlershof-for-download
• European Commission (2024), Bosnia and Herzegovina 2024 Report, Commission Staff Working Document, 2024 Communication on EU enlargement policy, SWD(2024) 691 final, Brussels, 30 October 2024, p. 51: https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-15125-2024-INIT/en/pdf
• Ibaraki Prefecture Government (2021), TSUKUBA SCIENCE CITY (PR Brochure), Regional Development Division, Ibaraki Prefecture Department of Policy Plannin, March 2021: https://www.invest.indus.pref.ibaraki.jp/cms/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Brochure-about-Tsukuba-Science-City.pdf
• Mohammed Alshurafa (2025), The Impact of the Gaza Blockade and the Destruction of Telecommunications Infrastructure on the Digital Economy Amidst Genocide, 7amleh – The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media, December 2025: https://7amleh.org/storage/posts/pdf/76b4d099-b5a7-4ba0-add6-0a5ec92aeb1f.pdf
• OECD (2018), Effective operation of competitive research funding systems, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, DSTI/STP/GSF(2018)3/FINAL, OECD Publishing, Paris, October 2018, No. 57: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/effective-operation-of-competitive-research-funding-systems_2ae8c0dc-en.html
• OECD (2025), States of Fragility 2025, OECD Publishing, Paris, DOI: 1787/81982370-en: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2025/02/states-of-fragility-2025_c9080496.html
• Office of the Minister of State for Administrative Reform (OMSAR) (2025), Lebanon Digital Acceleration Project (P506791), Beirut: Lebanese Republic, August 2025: https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P506791?lang=en
• Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) (2023), SIPRI Yearbook 2023: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, Summary, Sweden: Oxford University Press: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/yb23_summary_en_1.pdf
• Tewodros Aragie Kebede, Svein Erik Stave, Åge A. Tiltnes and Maha Kattaa (2021), A blast in the midst of crises: Impact of the Beirut port explosion on the city’s enterprises, ILO and Fafo, 29. June 2021: https://fafo.no/en/publications/other-fafo-publications/a-blast-in-the-midst-of-crises
• UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2025), World Investment Report 2025: International investment in the digital economy, United Nations Publications, United States of America, 2025: https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2025
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2024), Analysis of war damage tothe Ukrainian science sectorand its consequences, Paris: UNESCO, 11 March 2024: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/analysis-war-damage-ukrainian-science-sector-and-its-consequences
• WISTA Management GmbH (2022), Adlershof Stories: The Cradle of German Aviation, Berlin: WISTA, May 2022: https://www.adlershof.de/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/adlershofer-luftfahrtgeschichte-en.pdf
• World Bank (2025), Establishment of a Financial Intermediary Fund for Gaza Reconstruction and Development (English),Washington, D.C. : World Bank Group: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099112125105517915
• World Bank (2025), Lebanon Economic Monitor : Spring 2025 – Turning the Tide? (English), Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099742206192539590
• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2011), Global Innovation Index 2011: Accelerating Growth and Development: https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=274
• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2021), Global Innovation Index 2021: Tracking Innovation through the COVID-19 Crisis, Geneva: WIPO, DOI: 10.34667/tind.44315: https://www.wipo.int/en/web/global-innovation-index/2021/index
• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2024), Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads, Geneva: WIPO, DOI: 10.34667/tind.58864: https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html
• أدهم المجد لاوی (2026)، «ورقة الحقایق: تآكل الكادر البشري؛ هجرة العقول من قطاع غزة عامان من الاغتيال المعرفي والتهجير القسري»،‌ موقع الهيئة الدولية لدعم حقوق الشعب الفلسطيني (حشد) (ICSPR): https://icspr.ps/18728/

ب. مقالۀ علمی

• Gaétan de Rassenfosse, Tetiana Murovana & Wolf-Hendrik Uhlbach (2023): “The effects of war on Ukrainian research”, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Vol. 10, Article 856, 12 December 2023, DOI: 1057/s41599-023-02346-x : https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-023-02346-x
• Nguyen Anh Tu (2024), “Innovation and foreign direct investment attraction in developing countries”, Journal Cogent Economics & Finance, Volume 12, Issue 1, Article No 2312386, DOI:1080/23322039.2024.2312386: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/321428/1/10.1080_23322039.2024.2312386.pdf
• Sadok El Ghoul, Zhaoran (Jason) Gong, Omrane Guedhami, Fangfang Hou, Wilson H.S. Tong (2023), “Social Trust and Firm Innovation”, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money, Vol. 84, April 2023, 101745, DOI: 1016/j.intfin.2023.101745: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1042443123000136
• Temitayo Shenkoya, and Euiseok Kim (2019), “Case Study of the Daedeok Innopolis Innovation Cluster and Its Implications for Nigeria”, World Technopolis Review, December 2019, 8(2): 104-119, DOI: 10.7165/wtr19a1218.21: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374617626_A_Case_Study_of_the_Daedeok_Innopolis_Innovation_Cluster_and_Its_Implications_for_Nigeria
• Trenton Alma Williams, Ramzi Fathallah (2024), “Adapting a collective will and a way during a civil war: The persistence of an entrepreneurial ecosystem as an architecture of hope”, Journal of Business Venturing, Volume 39, Issue 2, March 2024, 106369, DOI: 1016/j.jbusvent.2023.106369: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0883902623000836
• Ümit Hacıoğlu, Hasan Dincer, and Erkan Çelik (2015), “Investment Climate, Economic Recovery and Reconstruction Process: The Bosnian Case”, Bilig Journal of Social Sciences in Turkish World, June 2015, 74(74):97-123: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292403939_Investment_Climate_Economic_Recovery_and_Reconstruction_Process_The_Bosnian_Case
• YankunKang, Ruiming Liu, and Bingyan Yang (2025), “Bridging the ivory tower and industry: How university science parks promote university-industry collaboration?”, Research Policy, Volume 54, Issue 6, July 2025, 105241,  DOI: 1016/j.respol.2025.105241: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048733325000708
• حافظ مهدنژاد و احمد زنگانه (1404): «مدل توسعه و تکامل ساختار فضایی ایننوپلیس دایدوک: از شهرک علم تا اکوسیستم نوآورانه»، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران: فصلنامه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، سال 25، بهار 1404، شماره 76، صص ۲۴۷-۲۲۸، DOI: 10.61186/jgs.25.76.18: https://jgs.khu.ac.ir/article-1-4169-fa.html

پ. پورتال خبری و وبگاه

• Al Jazeera (2021), “‘We will not give up’ Palestinians in Gaza rebuild from scratch”, 25 May 2021: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/25/we-will-not-give-up-palestinians-in-gaza-rebuild-from-scratch
• Al Jazeera (2026), “Iran’s top university bombed as US, Israel intensify attacks; 34 killed”, 6 Apr 2026: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/6/irans-top-university-bombed-as-us-israel-intensify-attacks-34-killed
• Alema Pelesić and Ivana Sabo (2022), “INTERA TP – Beacon of Entrepreneurship in Bosnia and Herzegovina”, Swiss Entrepreneurship Program, 20 January 2022: https://swissep.org/our-impact/success-stories/intera-tp-beacon-of-entrepreneurship-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina
• Alexandra Talty (2015), “Forget Bubble Talk—Beirut Tech Is Accelerating”, Worth Media Group, July 9, 2015: https://worth.com/forget-bubble-talk-beirut-tech-is-accelerating/
• Alexandre Nour, LinkedIn Profile (2025), “A port explosion, a pandemic, a currency collapse, a war…”: https://www.linkedin.com/posts/alexandre-nour_lebanon-bdd-entrepreneurship-share-7335213212373512193-qTTG/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop&rcm=ACoAAESuPjwBv_9OZ9mX-i5CujWw7PV7aj86IGM
• Amanda Glassner (2021), “Microsoft Is Israel’s Shining Star In Cyberspace”, Cybercrime Magazine, Mar. 09, 2021: https://cybersecurityventures.com/microsoft-is-israels-shining-star-in-cyberspace/
• Andrej Vaklinski (2025), “Top Cities for Startups in the Middle East in 2025”, StartupBlink, August 14, 2025: https://www.startupblink.com/blog/top-cities-for-startups-in-the-middle-east-in-2025/
• APC and SMEX (2025), “Human rights in the digital context in Lebanon”, 26 September 2025: https://www.apc.org/en/pubs/human-rights-digital-context-lebanon
• Beirut Digital District, LinkedIn, Company Profile: https://www.linkedin.com/company/beirut-digital-district/
• Bojan Stojkovski (2025), “Can Bosnia and Herzegovina turn its startup potential into real investment?”, Swiss Entrepreneurship Program, 09 December 2025: https://swissep.org/our-impact/success-stories/can-bosnia-and-herzegovina-turn-its-startup-potential-into-real-investment
• Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), “Expo 1993 Daejeon”: https://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/1993-daejeon
• Business Recorder (2025), “Pakistan’s IT sector surges with 24% export growth, $2.4bn trade surplus”, June 9, 2025: https://www.brecorder.com/news/40366815
• CELEBRATE88, “My Expo ’93 Page”: https://www.celebrate88.com/expocorner/expo93.html
• CNN (2015), “Lebanon’s Silicon Valley”: https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/05/11/pkg-stevens-transformations-beirut.cnn
• David Hayoun (1999), “Bayside Land Corp Hands Back Marina Project to Haifa Municipality”, Globes, 23 Dec, 1999: https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-380889
• DEAN SHMUEL ELMAS and GLOBES and TNS (2025), “Israeli defense-tech start-ups attract $1b. in financing rounds, mergers and acquisitions in 2025”, The Jerusalem Post, DECEMBER 9, 2025: https://www.jpost.com/defense-and-tech/article-879734
• Delphine Matthieussent (2026), “After two years of war, defense tech buoys Israel’s economic recovery”, Times of Israel, 22 February 2026: https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-two-years-of-war-defense-tech-buoys-israels-economic-recovery/
• Digital State of UA (2025), “Ukraine IT Exports Rise to 43% of Total Trade”, Aug 25, 2025: https://digitalstate.gov.ua/news/it-outsourcing/it-posluhy-staly-holovnym-drayverom-eksportu-ukrayiny-u-2025-rotsi
• DongA Science (2013), “[Daedeok Research Complex at 40] <Part 1> How a Presidential Vision Forged a Science Hub from Barren Land”, 2013.08.12:https://www.dongascience.com/en/news/1938
• Doron Avigad (2006), “Google to set up first Middle East R&D center in Haifa”, Globes, 28 Feb 2006: https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-1000066302
• ECWT (2016), “INTERA Technology Park”, February 18, 2016: https://ecwt.eu/news/intera-technology-park/
• ESTHER LUZZATTO (2025), “The qualitative advantage: How Israel became a defense-tech powerhouse”, The Jerusalem Post, APRIL 21, 2026: https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-892952
• Etnews (2022), “[과학기술이 미래다] <63>과학기술처, 대덕연구학원도시 건설 시동”, 2022-10-12: https://www.etnews.com/20221012000137?SNS=00002
• EU Neighbours East (2025), “Promoting IT during the war: Lviv IT cluster and how EU4Digital helps”, May 13, 2025: https://euneighbourseast.eu/news/stories/promoting-it-during-the-war-lviv-it-cluster-and-how-eu4digital-helps/
• Euro-Med Monitor (2026), “Israel obstructs education recovery in Gaza amid continued scholasticide”, 05 Mar 2026: https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6994/Israel-obstructs-education-recovery-in-Gaza-amid-continued-scholasticide
• European Commission (2025), “EC’s Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2025”, 10 November 2025: https://westernbalkans-infohub.eu/documents/regional-innovation-scoreboard-2025-serbia-included/
• European Commission (2026), “Youth Wiki: Bosnia and Herzegovina, General context”, 27 February 2026: https://national-policies.eacea.ec.europa.eu/youthwiki/chapters/bosnia-and-herzegovina/41-general-context
• European Committee of the Regions (2025), “Division of Powers: Bosnia and Herzegovina”: https://portal.cor.europa.eu/divisionpowers/Pages/Bosnia-Herzegovina.aspx
• Faiza Qureshi (2026), “From Resource To Knowledge: Evaluating Pakistan’s Research And Innovation Ecosystem”, The Nation, January 05, 2026: https://www.nation.com.pk/05-Jan-2026/resource-knowledge-evaluating-pakistan-s-research-innovation-ecosystem
• Fast Company (2018), “Inside Beirut’s Digital District”, 04-17-2018: https://www.fastcompany.com/40546492/inside-beiruts-digital-district
• Flat6Labs (2026), “Nawah Pre-Accelerator Program”: https://flat6labs.com/program/nawah-pre-accelerator-program/
• Gaza Sky Geeks, LinkedIn, Company Profile (2026), “From Palestine to the Gulf”, February 10, 2026: https://www.linkedin.com/posts/gazaskygeeks-websummitqatar-gsgtalentbridge-ugcPost-7426985328504172544-tMBz?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop&rcm=ACoAAESuPjwBv_9OZ9mX-i5CujWw7PV7aj86IGM
• Gulf T`imes (2026), “Palestine-focused incubator, GCC talent bridge unveiled at Web Summit Qatar”, February 08, 2026:https://www.gulf-times.com/article/720120/qatar/palestine-focused-incubator-gcc-talent-bridge-unveiled-at-web-summit-qatar
• Guy Nardy (2020), “Intel wins initial approval for new Haifa development center”, Globes, 30 Sep 2020: https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-intel-wins-approval-for-new-haifa-development-center-1001344143
• Hai Fa – The News Corporation (2020), “The “Haifa Science and High-Tech Park” is expanding with an investment of NIS 270 million”, 17/12/2020: https://haipo.co.il/en/item/247118
• Hai Fa – The News Corporation (2025), “Rafael will launch its first development center in Haifa. will rent offices in the Science and High-Tech Park for approximately NIS 45 million”, 30/10/2025: https://haipo.co.il/en/item/600029
• Haifa Economic Corporation, “MATAM – High-Tech and Business Park”: https://www.hec.co.il/SiteEng/MATAM
• Hanoi City Information Portal (2025), “Hanoi takes bold steps to promote Hoa Lac Hi-tech Park development”, December 03, 2025:https://english.hanoi.gov.vn/featured-news/hanoi-takes-bold-steps-to-promote-hoa-lac-hi-tech-park-development-2655251204160527862.htm
• Hanoi High-Tech and Industrial Park Management Board Board (2007), “Hi-tech park partners with FPT to provide services, attract tenants”, 26/09/2007: https://hhtp.gov.vn/en/tin-tuc/hi-tech-park-partners-with-fpt-to-provide-services-attract-tenants-133.html
• Hanoi High-Tech and Industrial Park Management Board Board (2011), “Meeting on 2010 Working Sum-Up and 2011 Task Implementation Orientation”, 11/01/2011: http://hhtp.gov.vn/en/tin-tuc//meeting-on-2010-working-sum-up-and-2011-task-implementation-orientation-572.html
• Hans Kremendahl (2010), “Success story Adlershof”, WISTA Management GmbH, 30. June 2010: https://www.wista.de/en/news-press/news/success-story-adlershof
• Hayadan (2008), “A cornerstone was laid for the first dedicated life sciences park in Israel”, 20 Sep 2008: https://en.hayadan.org.il/cornerstone-for-biotech-park-2109085
• Impact Europe (2025), “BuildPalestine Launches $1.2M Fundraising Drive”, 16/09/2025: https://www.impacteurope.net/insights/buildpalestine-launches-12m-fundraising-drive
• INNOPOLIS Official, “About Korea Innovation Cluster, HISTORY”: https://www.innopolis.or.kr/board?menuId=MENU00574
• INNOPOLIS Official, “Information, STATISTICS”: https://www.innopolis.or.kr/board/view?menuId=MENU01044
• INTERA Technology Park (2007), “CODES”: https://intera.ba/en/projekti/codes/
• INTERA Technology Park (2024), “2024: A Year of Success and Innovation at INTERA Technology Park”, December 23, 2024: https://intera.ba/en/2024-a-year-of-success-and-innovation-at-intera-technology-park/
• INTERA Technology Park (2025), “A Dynamic Year of Projects, Education, and New Ideas”: https://intera.ba/en/a-dynamic-year-of-projects-education-and-new-ideas/
• INTERA Technology Park, “About Us”: https://intera.ba/en/about-us/
• INTERA Technology Park, “EEN – Enterprise Europe Network – Intera”: https://intera.ba/en/projekti/enterprise-europe-network/
• INTERA Technology Park, “INTERA TP Innovation Centre Mostar”: https://intera.ba/en/projekti/intera-tp-innovation-centre-mostar/
• IASP, “IASP Directory – Pardis Technology Park”, International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation (IASP):https://www.iasp.ws/Our-members/Directory/@6285/Pardis-Technology-Park
• IASP (2024), “Statistics”, International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation (IASP): https://www.iasp.ws/statistics
• IASP (2024), “IASP Global Survey report published”, International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation (IASP), 19 December 2024: https://www.iasp.ws/activities/news/iasp-global-survey-report-published
• Iranpress (2024), “Iran’s knowledge-based exports surpass $2.5 Billion”, 23 June 2024: https://iranpress.com/content/282665/iran-knowledge-based-exports-surpass-$25-billion
• James W. Dearing (2010), “Tsukuba Science City”, Britannica, 11 November 2010: https://www.britannica.com/place/Tsukuba-Science-City
• Julie Zhu, Fanny Potkin, Eduardo Baptista and Michael Martina (2023), “Insight: China quietly recruits overseas chip talent as US tightens curbs”, Reuters, August 24, 2023: https://www.reuters.com/technology/china-quietly-recruits-overseas-chip-talent-us-tightens-curbs-2023-08-24/
• LBC Group (2025), “Can Lebanon become a regional tech hub? A new law could pave the way”, 29-04-2025: https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/news-bulletin-reports/851463/can-lebanon-become-a-regional-tech-hub-a-new-law-could-pave-the-way/en
• Leila Dagher, and Isabelle-Yara Nassar (2025), “Reviving Lebanon’s Economy”, ISPI, 20 Oct 2025: https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/reviving-lebanons-economy-220907
• Lviv IT Cluster (2025), “New “Eyes” for the Sky Defenders: Lviv IT Cluster Hands Over Modern Equipment to Air Defense Forces”, September 15, 2025: https://itcluster.lviv.ua/en/new-eyes-for-the-sky-defenders-lviv-it-cluster-hands-over-modern-equipment-to-air-defense-forces/
• Lviv IT Cluster (2025), “Quantum Systems — the New Member of the Lviv IT Cluster”, November 14, 2025: https://itcluster.lviv.ua/en/quantum-systems-the-new-member-of-the-lviv-it-cluster
• MENA Startup Digest (2025), “Gaza Sky Geeks Community Vows to Rebuild After War Devastates Tech Hub”, November 11, 2025:https://menastartupdigest.com/gaza-sky-geeks-community-vows-to-rebuild-after-war-devastates-tech-hub/
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